censur

Censur, or censorship, refers to the suppression, alteration, or control of information, ideas, or expression by authorities, institutions, or other gatekeepers. It can affect media, publications, art, research, and online communications. Censorship can be enacted before publication (prior restraint) or after content is made public (post-publication removal).

Censorship occurs in several forms. State censorship involves government power to prohibit or restrict material for reasons such as national security, public order, or morality. Self-censorship arises when individuals or organizations avoid certain topics to avert risk or stigma. Corporate censorship, including platform moderation, removes or limits content under terms of service. Digital censorship uses technical measures to block websites, filter keywords, or throttle information.

Supporters argue censorship preserves public safety, protects minors, and upholds social norms or national interests. Critics warn it curtails freedom of expression, impedes access to information, and can be misused to suppress dissent or minority voices. The line between legitimate restriction and censorship is often contested and context-dependent.

Historically, censorship has been a feature of many political systems and religious regimes. In the digital age, internet censorship and algorithmic moderation have become prominent, raising questions about transparency, accountability, and the power of intermediaries in shaping public discourse.

International law generally protects freedom of opinion and expression while allowing restrictions deemed necessary to protect others' rights, safety, or public order. Debates continue about where limits should lie and how to ensure oversight and accountability in censorship practices.