cementocytes

Cementocytes are cells embedded within the mineralized tissue called cementum, which covers the tooth root. They originate from cementoblasts during cementogenesis, and when cementoblasts become encased in cementum, they differentiate into cementocytes. Like osteocytes in bone, cementocytes reside in lacunae and extend cytoplasmic processes through canaliculi within the cementum.

Most cementocytes are found in cellular cementum, a form of cementum that contains embedded cells and is typically located toward the root apex. Acellular cementum, which covers much of the coronal root, generally lacks embedded cells. The cementocytes’ lacunae are connected by canaliculi that allow communication between neighboring cells and with surface-associated cells, even though cementum is largely avascular and nutrient supply relies on diffusion from the periodontal ligament.

The precise role of cementocytes is not as fully understood as that of osteocytes, but they are thought to contribute to the maintenance and minor remodeling of cementum and to participate in mineral homeostasis within the root surface. Their cellular processes may help sense mechanical stresses transmitted through the periodontal ligament and coordinate local responses, though cementum exhibits limited turnover compared with bone.

Clinical relevance is linked to cementum integrity and periodontal health. Damage or disease affecting the root surface or periodontal ligament can influence cementum, and the presence of cementocytes is a characteristic feature of cellular cementum associated with specific regions of the root. Overall, cementocytes reflect the specialized biology of the tooth’s supporting tissues.