cementocyten

Cementocytes are cells embedded within cementum, the mineralized tissue that covers tooth roots. They resemble osteocytes in bone in that they are encased within a mineralized matrix and reside in lacunae; cementocytes arise when cementoblasts secrete cementum and become enclosed by the matrix they deposit during cementogenesis.

Cementocytes are primarily located in cellular cementum, which contains lacunae with embedded cementocytes and a network of cytoplasmic processes extending through canaliculi. Acellular cementum, by contrast, lacks embedded cementocytes. Cellular cementum is more common in the apical and furcation regions of the root and in areas of active apposition.

Cementocytes originate from the dental follicle (follicular mesenchyme) cells that differentiate into cementoblasts; after completing cementum deposition, some cementoblasts become embedded as cementocytes.

The main proposed functions of cementocytes include maintenance and possibly mineral homeostasis of cementum, as well as mechanosensory roles in response to occlusal forces, though cementum exhibits limited remodeling compared with bone. The canalicular network allows intercellular communication and may help coordinate signaling within the cementum and, indirectly, with surrounding periodontal tissues.

Clinically, the presence of cementocytes distinguishes cellular cementum from acellular types and has relevance in histological assessment of root surfaces. Changes in cementum thickness and composition can influence periodontal ligament attachment and tooth stability, particularly with aging or disease.