cationici

Cationici, or cationic substances, are species that carry a positive electric charge. In chemistry, this term encompasses simple ions (cations) as well as molecules and polymers bearing a permanent positive charge. In Italian scientific usage, cationici is widely used to describe cationic surfactants, polymers, and related materials used in consumer products and industry.

Cationic surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with a hydrophobic tail and a positively charged head. They include quaternary ammonium salts such as benzalkonium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, among others. These substances readily adsorb to negatively charged surfaces, proteins, fabrics, and hair, imparting positive surface charge and affecting wetting, friction, and antimicrobial properties. Cationic polymers, or polycations, are used to modify rheology, stabilize dispersions, or interact with anionic substrates in various formulations.

Applications of cationici span disinfectants, fabric softeners, hair conditioning agents, and water-treatment additives. In formulations, cationici can neutralize negative charges, improve conditioning, or confer antimicrobial activity. They are often incompatible with anionic components, which can lead to precipitation or reduced effectiveness.

Safety and environmental considerations include potential toxicity to aquatic organisms, irritation potential for skin or eyes, and varying degrees of biodegradability among different cationic structures. Regulations may limit concentrations in consumer products and wastewater discharges. Proper handling, labeling, and disposal are advised to minimize environmental impact and human exposure.

See also: cation, surfactant, quaternary ammonium compound, polycation.