carboxyliertes

Carboxyliertes is a term used in chemistry to denote compounds that have been functionalized by the introduction of a carboxyl group (-COOH) or its conjugate base (-COO−) into a molecule. This modification can alter the chemical reactivity, solubility, and binding properties of the substance.

Carboxylation refers to the chemical process that adds a carboxyl group to a substrate. It can occur on aromatic rings, alkenes, or other frameworks and may use carbon dioxide (CO2) under pressure or specialized catalysts. Classic examples include electrophilic carboxylation of arenes and the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, which converts phenoxide salts with CO2 to give salicylic acid after workup. In many contexts, carboxylation is a synthetic step to install a functional handle for further transformations or for introducing acidity.

Carboxylates are the deprotonated forms of carboxylic acids or their salts. In basic conditions or when coordinated to metals, carboxyl groups exist as -COO− and can participate in salt formation, catalysis, or coordination chemistry. Biologically, carboxylate groups are widespread: amino acids bear carboxylate moieties at physiological pH, and fatty acids often appear as carboxylate salts in biological systems.

Applications of carboxylated compounds span multiple fields. In materials science, carboxylation of carbon-based materials (such as graphene or carbon nanotubes) introduces -COOH groups to improve solubility and enable covalent attachment to polymers. In polymer and pharmaceutical chemistry, carboxylated derivatives serve as reactive intermediates, crosslinking sites, or functional handles for conjugation. See also carboxylation, carboxylate, and carboxylic acid.