carbol

Carbol, commonly known as carbolic acid or phenol, is a simple aromatic hydroxyl compound with the chemical formula C6H5OH. It occurs as colorless to white crystalline solids with a distinctive odor. It melts at about 40.5°C and is soluble in alcohol and ether; its solubility in water is limited but increases with temperature. The name carbolic acid derives from coal tar, the historical source of its isolation.

Commercially, carbolic acid is produced mainly by the cumene process; historically it was obtained from coal tar distillation. It serves as a chemical feedstock and reagent in the manufacture of a wide range of products, including phenol-formaldehyde resins (Bakelite-type plastics), epoxies, and polycarbonate precursors such as bisphenol A.

In medicine, carbolic acid has long been used as a disinfectant and antiseptic in various concentrations, most famously in the antiseptic methods developed by Joseph Lister. Because of its caustic and toxic nature, its medical uses are now limited and dosing requires careful control. It is also used in laboratory and industrial settings as a solvent and preservative, though safety concerns limit exposure.

It is corrosive and can cause severe burns on skin and eyes. Inhalation or ingestion can be dangerous and may cause systemic toxicity. It can be absorbed through the skin and prolonged exposure may have health effects. It is toxic to aquatic life and is subject to regulatory controls and handling guidelines. Proper protection, ventilation, and adherence to safety data sheets are required.