caementa

Caementa is a Latin term referring to a type of concrete used in ancient Roman construction. It was a mixture of mortar, aggregate, and water, a precursor to modern concrete. The mortar itself was typically made from a combination of lime, volcanic ash (pozzolana), and sand. The aggregate used in caementa could vary widely, including broken stones, rubble, bricks, or even shells.

The Romans utilized caementa extensively for a variety of structures, from foundations and walls to bridges and aqueducts. Its strength and durability allowed for the creation of monumental architecture that has survived for millennia. The binding properties of pozzolana were particularly crucial, reacting with lime and water to create a hydraulic cement that could harden even underwater. This made it ideal for maritime constructions.

The production of caementa involved mixing the ingredients, often on-site. The consistency could be adjusted depending on the application, with a more liquid mixture being poured into formwork and a stiffer mix being used as a bonding agent between stones or bricks. The widespread use and effectiveness of caementa contributed significantly to the engineering prowess and lasting legacy of the Roman Empire.