cártels

A cartel is a group of independent firms or individuals that collude to control prices or limit supply in a particular market. Typically, cartels operate by setting agreed-upon prices, restricting production levels, or dividing up markets among members. The primary goal is to reduce competition and increase the profits of the participating entities. Cartels are often illegal in many jurisdictions due to their anti-competitive nature, as they can harm consumers by leading to higher prices and reduced choice.

Examples of cartels can be found in various industries, though they are most commonly associated with commodities like oil. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a well-known example of a cartel that influences global oil prices through coordinated production quotas among its member states. Other historical cartels have existed in industries such as diamonds, agriculture, and manufacturing. The effectiveness and longevity of cartels can vary significantly. They are susceptible to internal disputes, defection by members who seek to gain an advantage by breaking the agreement, and external pressure from governments and law enforcement agencies. The formation and operation of cartels are often clandestine to avoid detection and prosecution.