bupivakaiini
Bupivakaiini, known in English as bupivacaine, is a long-acting amide local anesthetic used to produce regional anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. It acts by reversibly blocking voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve membranes, thereby preventing depolarization and the transmission of nerve impulses.
Clinical use includes epidural, intrathecal (spinal), peripheral nerve blocks, and local infiltration. Its long duration of
Safety and adverse effects are dominated by the possibility of systemic toxicity, particularly with intravascular injection
Pharmacokinetics-wise, bupivacaine is metabolized in the liver by hepatic enzymes and is excreted mainly via the
In practice, careful dosing, incremental administration, and continuous monitoring are essential to minimize toxicity while achieving