brújulas

A brújula, or compass, is a navigational instrument that shows direction relative to the geographic cardinal directions (or points). The most common form uses a magnetized needle, free to rotate on a pivot, that shows the direction of magnetic north. A compass typically consists of a magnetized needle, a compass housing, and a dial. The needle is the most crucial component, as its magnetic properties allow it to align with the Earth's magnetic field. The housing protects the needle and often includes a clear cover for viewing. The dial displays the cardinal directions (North, South, East, West) and often intermediate points.

Historically, the compass was first invented in China, likely during the Han Dynasty, though its exact origins and development are subject to debate. Early Chinese compasses used lodestone, a naturally magnetized mineral, and were often used for geomancy and fortune-telling before their application in navigation became widespread. The magnetic compass eventually spread to Europe, where it revolutionized seafaring and exploration during the Age of Discovery.

Modern compasses, while still relying on magnetism, can be more sophisticated. They may include features like damping mechanisms to stabilize the needle, adjustable declination settings to account for the difference between magnetic north and true north, and illuminated dials for use in low light conditions. Compasses are essential tools for hikers, sailors, pilots, surveyors, and anyone needing to determine their bearing or navigate over land or sea. While GPS technology has become prevalent, the compass remains a reliable and fundamental navigational aid.