biosentez

Biosentez, or biosynthesis, is the set of cellular processes by which living organisms construct complex organic molecules from simpler precursors. It is driven by enzymes and powered by energy carriers such as ATP and NADPH. Biosynthesis underpins growth, maintenance, and reproductive functions across all domains of life.

It is traditionally divided into primary and secondary biosynthesis. Primary biosynthesis produces essential biomolecules such as amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and lipids that cells require for survival. Secondary biosynthesis generates specialized metabolites, including alkaloids, terpenoids, and polyketides, which are often used for defense, signaling, or ecological interactions and are common in plants, fungi, and bacteria.

Biochemical pathways are highly organized and compartmentalized in cells. Enzymes catalyze individual steps, using energy from ATP and reducing equivalents like NADPH. Regulation occurs at multiple levels, including gene expression, enzyme activity, and feedback inhibition, allowing cells to coordinate biosynthesis with nutrient availability and developmental signals.

Applications of biosynthesis research include metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, where pathways are redesigned to produce drugs, vitamins, biofuels, and industrial chemicals. Understanding biosentez also informs fields such as plant biology, microbiology, and medicine, helping explain how organisms adapt to environments and how metabolic disorders arise.