biocidi

Biocides are substances or mixtures intended to deter, render harmless, or kill living organisms. The category covers products used to control harmful biological agents such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, insects, rodents, algae, and biofilms. They are applied to protect health, preserve materials, or prevent biofouling in industrial and consumer contexts. The term biocidi is used in some languages as the translation of biocides.

Regulation of biocides varies by region. In the European Union, biocidal products are governed by the Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR). Active substances must be approved at the EU level, and products require national authorization before sale, with labeling and usage restrictions designed to manage risks. In the United States, biocidal products are regulated under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and require registration with the Environmental Protection Agency. Regulatory frameworks typically require safety data, hazard classification, and clear instructions for use to minimize human and environmental exposure.

Types and examples include disinfectants and antiseptics for healthcare and domestic use; preservatives for cosmetics, paints, and textiles; wood preservatives; antifouling paints to prevent marine growth; algicides; pest control products targeting insects and rodents; and anti-microbial coatings or water treatment chemicals. Biocides may be applied in hospitals, households, agriculture, industry, and consumer products to control microbial growth, deter pests, or protect materials.

Safety and environmental considerations are central to biocide use. Misuse can pose risks to human health and ecosystems, prompting risk assessments that consider toxicity, persistence, and exposure. Responsible handling, protective equipment, proper storage and disposal, and strict adherence to label directions and regulatory requirements are essential. Ongoing research seeks safer alternatives, reduced environmental impact, and greater product selectivity.