benzene14diol

Benzene-1,4-diol, commonly known as hydroquinone, is an aromatic organic compound that is a diol, with two hydroxyl groups attached to a benzene ring in the para (1,4) positions. Its molecular formula is C6H6O2. It appears as a white to nearly white crystalline solid with a melting point around 172°C.

Hydroquinone is the para-diol and is the reduced form of para-benzoquinone. It is moderately soluble in water and soluble in many organic solvents. It is relatively stable under normal conditions but can be oxidized in air to p-benzoquinone, especially in the presence of bases or catalysts.

Industrial production typically proceeds by catalytic hydrogenation of p-benzoquinone or by reduction of benzoquinone derivatives. Hydroquinone serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of various dyes, polymers, and pharmaceuticals, and it is also used as a reducing agent in chemical processes.

In photography, hydroquinone has historically been used as a developing agent. It has also been used in cosmetics as a skin-lightening agent in some markets, though regulatory restrictions vary by country and many jurisdictions limit or prohibit its cosmetic use due to safety concerns.

Safety and handling: Hydroquinone can cause skin and eye irritation and may provoke dermatitis with prolonged exposure. Chronic exposure has been associated with skin discoloration (ochronosis) and other health concerns. It should be handled with appropriate protective equipment, proper storage, and compliance with applicable regulations regarding occupational exposure and waste disposal.