atelectasiat

Atelectasis refers to the incomplete expansion or collapse of lung tissue. It can affect a small portion of a lung, a whole lobe, or even an entire lung. This condition prevents the normal exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the affected area.

There are several causes of atelectasis. Obstructive atelectasis occurs when an airway is blocked by something such as a mucus plug, tumor, or foreign object. This blockage prevents air from reaching the alveoli beyond it, causing them to collapse. Non-obstructive atelectasis can be caused by external pressure on the lung, such as from a pleural effusion (fluid around the lung) or pneumothorax (air in the space between the lung and chest wall). It can also be related to a lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep alveoli open, or compression of the lung during surgery or due to prolonged immobility. Post-operative atelectasis is common due to shallow breathing and retained secretions after anesthesia.

Symptoms of atelectasis can vary depending on the extent and cause. Small areas of collapse may cause no symptoms, while larger areas can lead to shortness of breath, rapid and shallow breathing, and a cough. In severe cases, cyanosis (a bluish discoloration of the skin) may occur due to low oxygen levels.

Diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, which can reveal collapsed lung tissue. Treatment aims to re-expand the affected lung tissue and address the underlying cause. This may involve deep breathing exercises, coughing techniques, postural drainage, suctioning of mucus, or in some cases, bronchoscopy to remove obstructions. If pressure is the cause, interventions to relieve that pressure are necessary.