asymmetria

Asymmetria is the state or condition of lacking symmetry between two sides or parts of a whole. The term derives from Greek a- meaning not and symmetria meaning concord of parts, and it is used in several languages to describe deviations from mirror-image balance.

In biology and anatomy, asymmetria describes deviations from bilateral symmetry in organisms or structures. Some asymmetry is natural and benign—for example, many vertebrates have a heart positioned toward the left and internal organs arranged with slight asymmetries. Other asymmetries arise from development, aging, injury, or disease, leading to changes in size, shape, or position of paired organs or limbs. Distinguishing normal asymmetry from pathological changes is a common task in clinical assessment and morphometric research.

In neuroscience, brain asymmetry, or lateralization, refers to differences in structure or function between the cerebral hemispheres. Such differences can influence cognitive abilities, language, and processing styles, and are a focus of studies on development, evolution, and brain disorders. Asymmetry is also examined in genetics and quantitative anatomy as a source of variation among individuals or populations.

In art, architecture, and design, intentional asymmetry can create visual interest, balance, or movement without mirror-image repetition. Designers use asymmetry to guide attention, define hierarchy, or express dynamism in coordinates, form, and texture.

Measuring asymmetria often involves imaging, three-dimensional morphometrics, or statistical analyses to quantify left-right differences and determine whether they reflect natural variation or potential pathology.