antiferomagnetické

Antiferomagnetické refers to a type of magnetic ordering in materials where the magnetic moments of adjacent atoms align in antiparallel directions. This arrangement results in a net magnetic moment of zero for the material, meaning it does not exhibit spontaneous magnetization like ferromagnets or ferrimagnets. In an antiferromagnetic material, the magnetic moments of neighboring atoms are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, effectively canceling each other out. This microscopic arrangement leads to a macroscopic state with no external magnetic field.

The transition to an antiferromagnetic state occurs at a specific temperature known as the Néel temperature (T_N). Below the Néel temperature, the antiparallel alignment of spins becomes stable. Above the Néel temperature, thermal agitation overcomes the magnetic interactions, and the material becomes paramagnetic, with randomly oriented magnetic moments.

Antiferromagnetic materials are distinct from ferromagnets, where all magnetic moments align parallel, creating a strong net magnetic moment. They are also different from ferrimagnets, where the antiparallel moments have unequal magnitudes, resulting in a small net magnetic moment. Examples of antiferromagnetic materials include chromium, manganese oxide, and nickel oxide. The study of antiferromagnetism is important for understanding magnetic phenomena and has potential applications in areas like magnetic sensors and data storage, particularly in spintronics.