antene

Antene is a term used in various languages to denote an antenna, a device that transmits and receives electromagnetic waves. An antenna forms the interface between a transmitter or receiver and free space, converting electrical signals into radiated waves and back again. Antennae are designed to operate over specific frequency ranges and in different environments, and they vary greatly in size, shape, and construction.

Common types include wire antennas such as dipoles and long wires; aperture antennas such as parabolic dishes; horn antennas; microstrip patch antennas used in compact devices; and helical antennas that achieve circular polarization. Antennae are employed across communications, broadcasting, radar, navigation, and sensing, including radio, television, mobile networks, Wi‑Fi, satellite links, and weather radar.

Design considerations include frequency and wavelength, impedance matching, polarization, radiation pattern, gain, bandwidth, and efficiency. The physical size is often related to the wavelength; higher frequencies permit smaller antennas. Placement, orientation, ground surroundings, and weather conditions influence performance, while concealment and aerodynamics matter for airborne installations.

Historically, the concept of antennas emerged from experiments with radio waves in the late 19th century, with notable milestones by Heinrich Hertz and Guglielmo Marconi, building on James Clerk Maxwell's theories. Modern practice includes advanced technologies such as phased arrays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, and conformal antennas used on aircraft and other structures.