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Anhydrides are a class of chemical compounds that are formed by the removal of water from another compound. The term is most commonly used in organic chemistry to refer to carboxylic acid anhydrides, which are formed by the removal of one molecule of water from two molecules of a carboxylic acid. For example, acetic anhydride is formed from two molecules of acetic acid. Carboxylic acid anhydrides have the general formula RCOOCOR. They are often used as acylating agents in organic synthesis, meaning they can introduce an acyl group (RCO-) into another molecule. This is a common reaction for forming esters and amides.

Inorganic chemistry, anhydrides refer to oxides that can be formed by removing water from a base or an acid. For example, calcium oxide is the anhydride of calcium hydroxide. Similarly, sulfur trioxide is the anhydride of sulfuric acid. These inorganic anhydrides often react vigorously with water to regenerate the original acid or base. They can also react with other compounds, such as alcohols or amines, to form esters or amides, respectively. The reactivity of anhydrides, both organic and inorganic, makes them valuable reagents in various chemical processes.