androgenshormones

androgen hormones are a group of steroid hormones that play a critical role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics. The primary androgens are testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione. They are produced mainly in the testes, with smaller amounts synthesized in the adrenal glands of both sexes.

These hormones are derived from cholesterol and undergo a series of enzymatic conversions in the Leydig cells of the testes and adrenal cortex. The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis regulates their production; gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn stimulates testosterone synthesis. Feedback inhibition ensures hormone levels remain within a physiological range.

Androgens influence a variety of physiological processes. During fetal development they promote the formation of the male genitalia, including the testes and penis. In puberty they stimulate growth of the testes, prostate, and seminal vesicles, increase muscle mass, bone density, and body hair, and contribute to the deepening of the voice. In adults they maintain libido, spermatogenesis, and overall pubertal traits.

Clinical disorders related to androgen levels include hypogonadism (low androgen production) and androgen excess, which can manifest as hirsutism, acne, and virilization in females. Therapeutic use of androgens, particularly testosterone replacement therapy, treats conditions such as hypogonadism and certain types of anemia. However, misuse, especially anabolic steroid abuse, can lead to severe health problems, including cardiovascular disease, liver damage, and infertility.

Recent research also examines the impact of environmental endocrine disruptors, such as phthalates and bisphenol A, on androgen synthesis and signaling. Understanding the balance of androgen hormones continues to be essential for diagnosing, treating, and managing a range of health conditions related to reproductive and endocrine function.