anding

ANDing refers to the application of the logical AND operation to two or more operands. In boolean logic, the result is true if and only if all operands are true; otherwise the result is false. In computing and digital electronics, ANDing is used to model conjunctions of conditions and to implement digital circuitry.

For two inputs A and B, A AND B is true only when both A and B are true. The basic truth table is: if A is false and B is false, the result is false; false and true is false; true and false is false; true and true is true.

Bitwise AND operates on binary representations of integers, performing the AND on each pair of corresponding bits. The resulting bit is 1 only if both input bits are 1. For example, 1101 AND 1011 yields 1001. Bitwise AND is commonly used with masks to clear or extract specific bits in a value.

Key properties of AND include commutativity (A AND B = B AND A), associativity ((A AND B) AND C = A AND (B AND C)), and idempotence (A AND A = A). The identity element for boolean AND is true; for bitwise operations on an n-bit word, the identity would be a word with all bits set to 1.

Common applications include filtering and search: requiring multiple conditions to be satisfied; database queries and programming conditions using AND; digital circuit design for gating signals; and bit masking to clear or preserve particular bits in a value.

Related concepts include NOT and OR, with De Morgan’s laws relating AND to OR via negation. ANDing is a fundamental operation in logic, computing, and data processing.