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Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. It is a systemic response, meaning it affects multiple organ systems in the body. The most common triggers for anaphylaxis include certain foods such as peanuts, tree nuts, milk, eggs, and shellfish, as well as insect stings or bites, medications like penicillin and aspirin, and latex.

The symptoms of anaphylaxis typically appear within minutes to an hour after exposure to the allergen and can progress very quickly. Initial signs may include hives, itching, and flushing of the skin. As the reaction worsens, individuals may experience swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, and a feeling of tightness in the chest. Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps can also occur. More severe manifestations include a sudden drop in blood pressure, rapid or weak pulse, dizziness, lightheadedness, and loss of consciousness, which are indicative of anaphylactic shock.

Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention. The primary treatment is an injection of epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, which can reverse the symptoms. Antihistamines and corticosteroids may also be administered to help manage the allergic response. Following an episode of anaphylaxis, it is crucial to identify the triggering allergen and take steps to avoid future exposure. Individuals at risk are often advised to carry an epinephrine auto-injector and to wear medical identification.