ammonifikaation

Ammonification is a key biological process in the nitrogen cycle, where organic nitrogen compounds are converted into ammonium (NH₄⁺). This transformation is primarily carried out by microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, which decompose dead organic matter such as plants, animals, and waste products. The process occurs in soil, water, and other environments where organic nitrogen is present.

During ammonification, complex organic nitrogen molecules like amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids are broken down by enzymes produced by decomposers. These enzymes hydrolyze the bonds in organic compounds, releasing ammonia (NH₃) or ammonium ions, which are simpler nitrogen forms. Ammonia is then absorbed by soil particles or converted into ammonium, depending on environmental pH levels.

Ammonification is essential for making nitrogen available to plants and other organisms. The ammonium produced serves as a nutrient source for primary producers, such as bacteria and plants, which incorporate it into their biomass. It also links the nitrogen cycle to other ecological processes, including nitrification, where ammonium is further oxidized into nitrites and nitrates.

Factors influencing ammonification include temperature, moisture, oxygen availability, and the presence of decomposer organisms. Optimal conditions typically favor faster decomposition and higher ammonium production. Human activities, such as agriculture and waste management, can impact ammonification rates, sometimes leading to excess nitrogen in ecosystems, which may cause environmental issues like eutrophication.