americium241

Americium-241 (241Am) is a radioactive isotope of the element americium (atomic number 95). It has a mass number of 241, corresponding to 95 protons and 146 neutrons in the nucleus. 241Am is produced in nuclear reactors as a decay product of plutonium-241, which itself originates from uranium-238 in reactor fuel, and it is not found naturally in meaningful amounts.

In terms of radioactivity, 241Am decays primarily by alpha emission to neptunium-237, with a half-life of 432.2 years. It also emits gamma radiation, notably a 59.5 keV gamma ray. The combination of alpha and gamma emissions makes 241Am useful in certain practical applications, while also requiring containment to prevent radiological exposure.

Aqueous and solid waste streams containing 241Am are typically managed as sealed sources to minimize dispersion. The most common consumer use is as a compact alpha source in household smoke detectors, where the material is contained in a sealed foil capsule to reduce release risk. Industrial uses include radiography and thickness gauging, where compact sealed sources provide reliable radiation for measurement or inspection.

Safety considerations center on the hazards posed by inhalation or ingestion of radioactive material, rather than external exposure, since alpha particles have very limited penetration. Proper handling, shielding, licensing, and secure disposal are required for devices containing 241Am. Its long half-life means it remains radioactive for many generations, necessitating careful long-term waste management.