akumulator

An akumulator (rechargeable battery) is a device that stores electrical energy in chemical form and can be recharged for repeated use. Unlike primary cells, which provide energy only once, akumulators are designed for multiple charge and discharge cycles. They are used in a wide range of applications from consumer electronics to vehicles and grid-scale energy storage.

An akumulator consists of one or more electrochemical cells. Each cell contains electrodes (anode and cathode) and an electrolyte that enables ion flow. During discharge, chemical reactions release electrons; charging reverses the reactions. Performance is characterized by capacity (the amount of charge stored), voltage, cycle life, and efficiency. Factors such as depth of discharge, temperature, and charging rate influence longevity.

Common chemistries include lead-acid (used in automotive batteries and backup power), nickel-based systems such as NiCd and NiMH, and lithium-based chemistries such as lithium-ion and lithium-polymer. Each chemistry has trade-offs in energy density, power, lifespan, cost, and safety. Akumulator units are used in automobiles, laptops and phones, uninterruptible power supplies, and large-scale grid storage.

The development of rechargeable akumulator technology began in the 19th century with early cells, culminating in modern lithium-ion systems in the late 20th century. Safety, recycling and environmental impact are important considerations, and disposal is regulated in many regions due to toxic components and the potential for leakage. Recent advances include solid-state batteries and improvements in cycle life and fast charging.