adjectivesparticipial

Participial adjectives are adjectives formed from the participles of verbs. They are typically divided into present-participle adjectives, formed from the -ing form (for example, exciting, boring, shocking), and past-participle adjectives, formed from -ed or -en forms (for example, tired, damaged, frozen). These adjectives modify nouns and express qualities, states, or effects related to the noun.

Present-participle adjectives ( -ing ) describe a quality of the noun or the effect the noun has on others. They often convey that the thing itself causes a particular impression or reaction: a frightening movie, an amazing discovery, an amusing story. They can also denote a dynamic or ongoing state.

Past-participle adjectives ( -ed, -en ) describe a state resulting from an action or the feelings of someone affected by it. They can indicate the subject’s experience or the condition of the noun: a tired traveler, a broken window, a frightened animal. Some -ed adjectives describe emotions or states of the experiencer, as in I’m bored or she feels delighted.

Usage and placement vary. Many participial adjectives can appear in attributive position before a noun (a boring lecture, a tired runner) or predicatively after a linking verb (the lecture is boring, the runner looks tired). However, some adjectives are more common in one position or form than the other, and some pairs distinguish meaning (interesting vs interested; boring vs bored).

Overall, participial adjectives provide a compact way to convey properties, causes of reaction, and states derived from actions, while contrasting with the related participial forms used in verb phrases.