acidcitratedextrose

Acid-citrate-dextrose, abbreviated ACD, is a solution used as an anticoagulant in blood collection and processing. By chelating calcium and providing energy to cells, ACD helps preserve the viability of donated blood components for transfusion and other clinical uses.

ACD is commonly supplied in formulations known as ACD-A and ACD-B. These solutions differ in citrate, acid, and dextrose concentrations and are chosen based on the intended application and regulatory guidelines. In some settings, other citrate-based anticoagulants such as citrate phosphate dextrose are used.

The anticoagulant effect arises from citrate binding free calcium ions, which are required for the coagulation cascade. Dextrose serves as a metabolic substrate, helping red blood cells maintain energy stores during storage. These combined actions slow clotting and support component quality.

In blood banking, ACD is used for the collection of whole blood and for the preparation of plasma and platelet concentrates. It is also used in apheresis procedures to collect specific components while preventing clotting during processing.

Potential adverse effects are generally related to citrate; rapid infusion of large volumes can cause hypocalcemia and citrate toxicity, particularly in patients with liver impairment or in neonates. Reactions are typically dose-dependent and monitored by clinical staff during transfusion.

ACD-based anticoagulants are standardized and evaluated by regulatory agencies and blood services. They are part of established protocols for safe collection, storage, and distribution of blood components.