acetilo

Acetilo, known in English as acetyl, refers to the acetyl group, the ethanoyl moiety with the formula CH3-CO-. It is derived from acetic acid by removal of a hydroxyl group and is a common acylating group used to modify molecules in organic synthesis.

In organic chemistry, acetilo groups are introduced through reactions with reagents such as acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride, or by transfer to nucleophiles including amines and alcohols. The result is the formation of amides, esters, or related derivatives, enabling protection of functional groups or changes in reactivity. The acetyl group can often be removed under appropriate conditions to restore the original functionality.

Biologically, acetilo groups are carried by acetyl-CoA, a central metabolic coenzyme. Acetyl-CoA donates acetyl groups for fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and energy production via the citric acid cycle. Acetylation reactions in cells are catalyzed by enzymes called acetyltransferases, which transfer the acetyl group to various substrates, including proteins and small molecules.

In epigenetics, acetylation of histone proteins affects chromatin structure and gene expression. Histone acetyltransferases add acetilo groups to lysine residues on histones, often correlating with active transcription, while histone deacetylases remove them, generally reducing transcriptional activity.

Safety and handling: reagents used to install acetilo groups, such as acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride, are reactive and may be corrosive. Appropriate precautions and protective equipment are advised to prevent exposure and moisture-induced reactions.