aatomirühmadega

Aatomirühmadega, also known as functional groups, are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. They are essentially the "active sites" of organic compounds, determining how a molecule will behave in chemical reactions. The properties and reactivity of a molecule are largely determined by the types of functional groups it contains.

Common examples of functional groups include hydroxyl groups (-OH), which are characteristic of alcohols, carbonyl groups (C=O), found in aldehydes and ketones, and carboxyl groups (-COOH), which define carboxylic acids. Halogens (like chlorine or bromine) attached to carbon atoms form alkyl halides. Amino groups (-NH2) are present in amines, and ether groups (-O-) link two alkyl or aryl groups.

The presence of a particular functional group often dictates the molecule's physical properties as well, such as its boiling point, solubility, and acidity or basicity. For instance, molecules with hydroxyl groups tend to be more soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding. Understanding functional groups is fundamental to organic chemistry, allowing chemists to predict reaction pathways, synthesize new compounds, and analyze the structure of unknown substances. The systematic naming of organic compounds, known as nomenclature, also relies heavily on the identification of functional groups.