Warmth

Warmth refers to the quality of being warm, encompassing both physical temperature and figurative kindness. Physically, warmth is the sensation of heat arising from thermal energy transfer between objects or environments. Figuratively, warmth describes friendliness, empathy, and generosity, or the impression of a welcoming atmosphere.

In physics, warmth is described by temperature scales such as Celsius and Kelvin and by the processes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Thermal comfort depends on ambient conditions, clothing, and activity level. Engineers quantify warmth and comfort with standards such as ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55.

Socially, warmth is a perceived trait that influences judgments and relationships. It is related to benevolence and trust, and can be conveyed through tone of voice, facial expression, body language, and material choices in interiors and lighting. Warm color temperatures and soft textures can also create a sense of coziness.

Practically, warmth affects heating, insulation, and energy use in buildings, as well as the design of clothing and textiles to retain heat. Solar, geothermal, and other renewable sources provide warmth sustainably, while urban design can enhance or reduce local warmth through materials and shading.