Wandspannung

Wandspannung, or mains voltage, refers to the electric potential supplied by the public distribution network to household and commercial outlets. It is an alternating current (AC) voltage used to power most consumer devices. The term is commonly used in German-speaking regions and describes the standard electrical supply available through wall sockets.

In Germany and much of Europe, the standard nominal voltage is 230 V with a tolerance that typically allows about 216–254 V, and a frequency of 50 Hz. In contrast, North America and some parts of Asia use about 120 V at 60 Hz. Three-phase networks deliver a higher line-to-line voltage (usually 400 V), which provides 230 V line-to-neutral for single-phase circuits. The exact values can vary slightly by country and region due to network regulation and load conditions.

Measurement and safety: Wandspannung is typically measured between live and neutral (L-N) using a multimeter with the power off. Never measure or work on live mains. Safety provisions include protective devices such as fuses and circuit breakers, and residual current devices (RCD/FI). Outlets and plugs follow regional standards (for example Schuko Type F in Germany; Type A/B in the United States) and require proper grounding and insulation.

Usage and implications: Electrical devices are designed for a specific voltage range. Using devices outside their rated voltage can cause damage, overheating, or fire. Many electronic devices incorporate internal isolation or are powered by adapters and power supplies that transform the mains voltage to safer, lower levels for internal components.

See also: Mains electricity, Electrical outlet, Electrical safety, IEC voltage standards.