Vasopressinhiánya

Vasopressin deficiency, also known as central diabetes insipidus, is a medical condition characterized by the body's inability to produce or release sufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin. Vasopressin is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, and its primary role is to regulate the body's water balance by signaling the kidneys to reabsorb water.

When there is a deficiency of vasopressin, the kidneys cannot effectively reabsorb water, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. This excessive urination, known as polyuria, can result in severe dehydration if fluid intake does not compensate for the fluid loss. Symptoms of vasopressin deficiency include intense thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination, and a constant need to drink water. In severe cases, individuals may experience headaches, fatigue, and confusion due to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

The causes of vasopressin deficiency can vary. It can be congenital, meaning present from birth, often due to genetic mutations. Acquired causes are more common and can include head trauma, surgery involving the pituitary gland or hypothalamus, tumors in these areas, infections, or inflammatory diseases. The diagnosis is typically made through a combination of measuring urine output and concentration, blood sodium levels, and sometimes a water deprivation test or vasopressin challenge test.

Treatment for vasopressin deficiency involves replacing the missing hormone with a synthetic form of vasopressin, most commonly desmopressin (DDAVP). Desmopressin can be administered orally, nasally, or by injection and helps to reduce urine output and prevent dehydration. With appropriate treatment, individuals can manage the condition effectively and maintain a normal fluid balance.