Valsartan

Valsartan is an oral medication and member of the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) class. It acts as a selective antagonist of the AT1 receptor, blocking the effects of angiotensin II such as vasoconstriction and aldosterone release. By reducing these actions, valsartan lowers blood pressure and can improve symptoms in heart failure by decreasing afterload and mitigating adverse remodeling.

Indications include essential hypertension and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. It is also used in some patients after myocardial infarction, particularly as an alternative for those who cannot tolerate angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Valsartan is available alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide under brands such as Diovan and Diovan HCT.

Pharmacokinetics and administration: valsartan is administered orally with a bioavailability of about 23%. Peak plasma levels occur roughly 2 to 4 hours after dosing, and the approximate half-life is 6 to 9 hours. It is not a prodrug and is primarily eliminated via biliary excretion after hepatic metabolism.

Common adverse effects include dizziness and fatigue, with hypotension occurring in some patients. Hyperkalemia and changes in renal function can occur, particularly in those with kidney impairment or concomitant use of potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics. Angioedema is rare but possible. It is contraindicated in pregnancy due to risk to the fetus; use requires monitoring of kidney function and potassium levels, especially in patients with renal disease or dehydration.

Drug interactions: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may reduce antihypertensive effect; care is advised when combining with potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, or lithium. Always consult a healthcare professional for individualized guidance.