Ulostulojännite

Ulostulojännite is the voltage delivered at the output terminals of an electronic device, circuit, or power supply. It represents the potential difference available to a load under operating conditions and is a key parameter for assessing whether a system will function as intended.

In practice, the output voltage can be specified as a nominal value (for example 3.3 V, 5 V, or 12 V) and as part of broader regulator specifications. Two common concepts describe how the voltage behaves: open-circuit output voltage, measured with no load, and loaded output voltage, measured under normal operating load. The difference between these values is influenced by the output impedance and the regulation of the device. Regulators aim to keep the ulostulojännite close to its nominal value despite changes in input voltage or load, a quality referred to as regulation.

Regulation is described by line regulation (how voltage changes with input voltage) and load regulation (how voltage changes with output current). Common implementations include linear regulators, which provide clean but less efficient outputs, and switching regulators, which increase efficiency but may introduce ripple or noise. Tolerance and temperature coefficients cause the actual output to deviate from the nominal value, and aging can shift performance over time. Ripple and noise are frequently specified separately from the steady-state voltage.

Measurement of ulostulojännite is typically done with a multimeter or oscilloscope under defined load conditions, with attention to ground reference and measurement bandwidth. Proper design ensures the output voltage remains within safe and functional limits for connected devices.