Tutkimuslähestymistapoja

Tutkimuslähestymistapa, or research approach, refers to the overarching strategy and rationale guiding the design of a study, including the choice of data, methods, and analytical techniques. It is shaped by epistemological and ontological assumptions about what counts as valid knowledge and how reality can be understood.

Broadly, research approaches are categorized by the type of data and reasoning they employ. Quantitative approaches emphasize measurement, statistical analysis, and generalizable findings, often following deductive reasoning from theory to hypothesis testing. Qualitative approaches prioritize in-depth understanding of phenomena, context, and meaning, typically using inductive or abductive reasoning to develop interpretive explanations. Mixed methods combine elements of both traditions to address research questions from multiple angles.

Within these categories, researchers align with broader paradigms such as positivism, interpretivism, constructivism, or critical realism, which guide assumptions about knowledge and what constitutes evidence. Common methodological approaches include experiments and surveys (quantitative), case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and narrative or discourse analysis (qualitative), as well as action research that aims to produce practical change alongside theoretical insight.

The choice of research approach should fit the research questions, aims, and context, as well as ethical and practical considerations. Transparency about the chosen approach, data collection, and analytic procedures is essential for evaluation and replication, and researchers should acknowledge the limitations that accompany any methodological stance.