Tumörnekrosfaktorer

Tumörnekrosfaktorer, often abbreviated as TNF, are a group of signaling proteins produced by the immune system. Their primary role is to induce inflammation and programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. While essential for fighting infections and eliminating damaged cells, dysregulation of TNF can contribute to various diseases.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is the most well-studied member of this family. It plays a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. During inflammation, TNF-α is released by macrophages and T cells, triggering a cascade of events that attract other immune cells to the site of injury or infection. It also promotes the survival and proliferation of immune cells, enhancing the body's defense mechanisms.

However, excessive or chronic production of TNF-α can be detrimental. In autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, TNF-α contributes to persistent inflammation and tissue damage. This understanding has led to the development of biologic therapies that target TNF-α, effectively reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms in many patients.

Other members of the TNF superfamily, such as Fas ligand (FasL) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also play crucial roles in apoptosis. These molecules bind to specific receptors on target cells, initiating a signaling pathway that leads to their programmed destruction. This mechanism is vital for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing uncontrolled cell growth. Aberrant expression or function of these TNF family members can be implicated in cancer development and progression.