Tulajdonnevek

Tulajdonnevek are linguistic units used to designate unique referents in a language. They are a subset of onomastics and contrast with köznév (common nouns), which denote classes or general concepts rather than specific entities. Tulajdonnevek are typically capitalized in writing and carry referential identity that distinguishes individual people, places, organizations, brands and other named entities from others of their kind.

The main groups of tulajdonnevek include: személynevek (anthroponyms), which cover given names (keresztnév) and family names (vezetéknév) as well as nicknames; helynevek (toponyms), which name places such as cities, streets, rivers and regions; intézmény- és vállalatnevek (institution and corporate names), for example universities, companies and agencies; és termék- és márkanevek (brand and product names), which identify commercial entities. There are also event names, celestial names and other category-specific proper names.

Orthography and morphology play a role in their use. Tulajdonnevek are written with initial capital letters and keep diacritics as required by the language. They may be multi-part, incorporating family names, patronymics or affixes, and in Hungarian, they can be inflected for grammatical cases (for example, Istvánnak, Kiss Jánostól), even when the name is a fixed identifier. In many contexts, the exact form or order of elements in a name signals social information, such as formality, kinship or institutional affiliation.

In summary, tulajdonnevek function as precise identifiers for specific entities, serving navigational, referential and social purposes within language.