Tugiorganite

Tugiorganite is a rare mineral that features an organic–inorganic, organometallic framework. It was first described from hydrothermal deposits in the Tugio region and is noted for incorporating organic ligands within a copper- and iron-rich oxide matrix. The mineral's structure and composition reflect processes in which organic material interacts with metal-bearing fluids under moderate temperatures and pressures.

Physical properties include a prismatic to tabular crystal habit and a color range from olive-brown to amber. Tugiorganite typically shows a resinous to sub-vitreous luster and leaves a pale brown streak. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, with crystals reaching up to several millimeters in length. The hardness is about 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale, and the specific gravity is roughly 2.9 to 3.2. Transparent to translucent specimens are common, and intergrowths with other minerals such as quartz and calcite are observed in some samples.

Composition and structure are dominated by copper- and iron-containing oxide layers interlaced with embedded organic ligands, commonly carboxylate groups. The empirical formula varies with locality, reflecting changes in organic content and mineral associations, but the overall framework remains an organized, layered organometallic arrangement. Water molecules may be present as interlayer guests in certain specimens.

Occurrence is reported from a single locality in the Tugio Volcanic Complex, where hydrothermal fluids interacted with organic-rich sediments in altered basalt. Tugiorganite is typically found with quartz, calcite, and malachite, and occurs as isolated crystals or crusts within vein networks.

Etymology and naming stem from the Tugio region and its organic-inorganic character. The mineral is primarily of interest to mineralogists and materials scientists, offering insights into organometallic frameworks and potential applications in catalysis and ion conduction.