Tselluloosnitraat

Tselluloosnitraat, also known as nitrocellulose or guncotton, is a highly flammable explosive material produced by the nitration of cellulose. The process involves treating cellulose, typically derived from cotton or wood pulp, with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The degree of nitration, or the number of hydroxyl groups on the cellulose polymer that are replaced by nitrate ester groups, determines the properties of the resulting compound. Lower nitration levels result in a more flexible and less explosive material, while higher nitration levels yield a more powerful explosive.

Historically, Tselluloosnitraat played a significant role in the development of explosives and propellants. Its rapid burning rate and high energy output made it a crucial component in early smokeless powders for firearms, replacing bulkier and smokier black powder. It was also used as a primary explosive. However, its inherent instability and sensitivity to shock and friction posed safety challenges. Over time, less sensitive and more stable explosives have largely replaced Tselluloosnitraat in many military and industrial applications.

In addition to its explosive uses, Tselluloosnitraat has found applications in other fields. Lower nitration grades are used in the production of lacquers, coatings, and films due to their fast-drying properties and ability to form a hard, protective layer. It was also a key component in early photographic film, although this use has diminished with the advent of more stable plastic films. Its flammability remains a significant hazard, requiring careful handling and storage.