Transkripce

Transkripce is the process of producing a written, symbolic, or textual representation from another medium. In linguistics, transkripce refers to converting spoken language into a standardized representation, typically using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) or similar systems. There are two main levels: phonetic transcription, which records precise articulatory details (narrow transcription), and phonemic transcription, which represents only contrastive sounds of a language (broad transcription). Transcriptions can be phonetic or orthographic; orthographic or graphemic transcription maps speech to standard spelling, not necessarily phonetic reality. Transcriptions are used in corpora, language documentation, pronunciation guides, and speech technology. Common challenges include variation among speakers, transcription conventions, and dialectal differences.

In biology, transkripce denotes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, catalyzed by RNA polymerase. It is a central step of gene expression. Transcription starts at promoter regions, proceeds along the DNA template, and produces an RNA strand, which can be messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, or transfer RNA. In eukaryotes, transcription is regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic marks, and occurs in the nucleus. The resulting RNA is then processed before translation.

In modern research and industry, transcription underpins technologies such as automated speech recognition, subtitles, language corpora, and gene expression profiling. The term is used across disciplines, with domain-specific conventions and tools.