Tram

A tram, also known as a streetcar in North America, is a rail vehicle that operates on tracks laid in urban streets as well as on dedicated alignments. Trams are typically powered by electricity drawn from overhead wires, but some systems use ground-level power supplies or on-board batteries. They are designed for frequent stops, moderate speeds, and often share street space with other vehicles and pedestrians.

Trams originated in the 19th century as horse-drawn vehicles, with steam trams appearing later. Electric traction emerged in the late 1880s and spread rapidly, enabling cleaner, smoother urban transport. After mid-20th century declines, many cities reintroduced tram networks from the 1970s onward as part of modern light-rail strategies.

Modern trams can be single- or multi-car units, including articulated and bidirectional designs. They typically operate on standard or variable gauges, and voltages around 600–750 V DC from overhead wires, though some systems use higher voltages or alternative power delivery. Operations may occur in mixed traffic or on segregated rights of way, often with traffic signal priority or dedicated lanes.

A tram system requires fixed rails, power supply infrastructure, depots, and maintenance facilities. Track quality, overhead wiring, and signaling are central to safety and reliability. Accessibility is improved by low-floor designs and level boarding.

Trams are used worldwide, from extensive networks in Melbourne and Prague to city streetcar systems in Vienna, Toronto, and Istanbul. Some lines are primarily public transit; others function as heritage or tourist services. They are an integral part of urban mobility and renewal in many cities.