Torrent

A torrent is a method of distributing data using the BitTorrent protocol. It enables large files to be shared efficiently by dividing them into small pieces and distributing those pieces among multiple peers. The term can refer to the BitTorrent protocol or to a metadata file with a .torrent extension that describes the data and how to obtain it.

How it works: A user creates a torrent or magnet link that describes the data and its pieces. The metadata includes an info hash and sometimes a tracker URL. Peers connect, exchange pieces of the file, and upload while downloading. When complete, the client becomes a seed to share the file further.

Key components: torrent file, magnet link, tracker, DHT, and PEX. Files are divided into pieces with a hash for integrity. The info hash identifies the torrent. Trackers may be centralized or replaced by DHT/PEX for trackerless operation.

Usage and legality: BitTorrent is used for legitimate distributions such as open-source software and large data sets, but it is also used to share copyrighted material without authorization, which is illegal in many jurisdictions. Users should obtain content from trusted sources, verify authenticity, and follow applicable laws. Because torrents can include malware, practice caution and use reputable publishers.

Software and ecosystem: Popular clients include qBittorrent, Transmission, Deluge, BitTorrent, and Vuze. Magnet links enable starting without a .torrent file. Torrents rely on peers to share data rather than central servers, a model that scales well for large files.