Timawa

Timawa refers to a social class in pre-colonial Philippine societies, specifically within the Visayan region. They occupied a middle position in the social hierarchy, ranking below the tumao (nobility or chieftains) and above the uripon (dependents or slaves). Timawa were free individuals who were not tied to the service of the nobility in the same way as the uripon. They possessed certain rights and responsibilities within their community.

Membership in the timawa class was generally hereditary, though it could also be attained through marriage, manumission (release from slavery), or other circumstances. They were expected to provide services to their datu (chieftain) when called upon, such as participating in warfare or contributing to communal projects. In return, they received protection and a share of communal resources.

While not slaves, timawa were not entirely free from obligations. Their social standing was distinct from the fully independent nobility, and their freedoms were somewhat circumscribed by their relationship with the ruling class. The exact nature of timawa obligations and privileges could vary between different Visayan communities. This social stratification was a key feature of pre-colonial Philippine political and economic organization.