Thermoelektriset

Thermoelektriset refers to phenomena and devices that involve the interconversion of heat and electricity. The most well-known thermoelectric effects are the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect, and the Thomson effect.

The Seebeck effect describes how a voltage is generated when there is a temperature difference across two different conductors or semiconductors. This principle is the basis for thermoelectric generators, which can convert waste heat into electrical energy. Materials exhibiting a strong Seebeck effect are desirable for these applications.

The Peltier effect is the inverse of the Seebeck effect. When an electric current flows through a junction of two dissimilar materials, heat is either absorbed or released at that junction, depending on the direction of the current. This allows for thermoelectric coolers, which can be used for refrigeration or temperature control without moving parts.

The Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Thomson effect, occurs when an electric current flows through a single homogeneous conductor that has a temperature gradient along its length. Heat is either absorbed or released along the conductor, unlike the Peltier effect which occurs at a junction.

Thermoelectric materials are often characterized by their figure of merit, ZT, which quantifies their efficiency in converting heat to electricity or vice versa. High ZT values are crucial for practical thermoelectric devices. Research continues to focus on developing new and improved thermoelectric materials that are efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly. Applications range from power generation in niche areas like space exploration to cooling in small electronic devices.