Tarmfunktion

Tarmfunktion is the physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract, encompassing the digestion, transport, absorption of nutrients and water, and the elimination of waste. It includes motility driven by smooth muscle contractions, enzymatic and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients and electrolytes in the small intestine, water reabsorption and stool formation in the colon, and the controlled release of waste through the rectum.

Key components are intestinal motility, secretion of mucus and digestive enzymes, and regulation by the enteric nervous system and hormonal signals. Peristalsis and segmentation coordinate food movement and mixing; the enteric nervous system can operate independently of the brain, with modulation from the autonomic nervous system and gut hormones.

Functions are essential for nutrition, hydration, and metabolic balance. Disturbances can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation or diarrhea, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies. Common conditions that affect tarmfunktion include constipation, diarrhea, malabsorption syndromes, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, short-bowel syndrome, and bowel obstruction.

Assessment and management: Evaluation starts with history and physical examination, focusing on bowel habits, stool characteristics, pain, and weight changes. Investigations may include stool tests, blood tests for anemia or inflammation, imaging, endoscopy, and functional tests such as transit studies or motility assessments. Treatment targets the underlying cause and may involve dietary adjustments (fiber changes, lactose restriction), laxatives or antidiarrheal agents, prokinetics, enzyme supplements, or medical and surgical therapies for specific diseases.

Research in tarmfunktion covers gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, and mechanisms of motility and absorption, with ongoing development of diagnostic tools and therapies to preserve or restore gastrointestinal function.