Tafsir

Tafsir, from the Arabic word for "explanation" or "interpretation," is the scholarly study of the Qur'an aimed at clarifying its meanings, contexts, and implications for belief, law, and conduct. It seeks to illuminate the divine message by addressing linguistic features, historical background, and the intended purposes of verses.

Classical tafsir relies on two main approaches. Tafsir bi'l-ma'thur (transmitted) uses reports from the Qur'an itself, the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad, the statements of his companions, and the reasons for revelation (asbab al-nuzul). Tafsir bi'l-ra'y (reasoned) employs linguistic analysis, jurisprudential deduction, theological reasoning, and consensus within acceptable boundaries when explicit reports are unavailable. Both strands often work together, with scholars weighing chains of transmission, authenticity, and context.

Notable examples of traditional works include Tafsir al-Tabari by Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Tafsir Ibn Kathir by Isma'il Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qurtubi by Abu Abdullah al-Qurtubi, and the concise Tafsir al-Jalalayn by Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli and Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti. Other important commentaries come from different schools and traditions, including Shia exegesis and later medieval compilations such as Baydawi’s and others.

Tafsir covers linguistic analysis, legal rulings, theological interpretation, and ethical guidance. It addresses eschatology, history, and social norms, and it has evolved to include modern discussions on science, philosophy, and contemporary issues while maintaining adherence to Islamic doctrinal frameworks. The field remains a central component of Qur’anic studies across Sunni and Shia scholarship.