TNFperhe

TNFperhe, or the TNF family, refers to a broad set of cytokines and receptors involved in immune regulation, inflammation, and cell death. The term encompasses two related groups: the TNF ligand superfamily (TNFSF) and the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). Members of the TNFSF include tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), lymphotoxins, Fas ligand (FasL), and TRAIL, while the TNFRSF includes receptors such as TNFR1 (p55), TNFR2 (p75), Fas (CD95), and TRAIL receptors DR4 and DR5. Ligand–receptor interactions can induce apoptosis or activate signaling pathways like NF-κB and MAPKs, influencing inflammation, cell survival, and proliferation.

Most TNF family ligands are type II transmembrane proteins that can be shed to soluble forms, enabling distant signaling. Receptors typically have extracellular cysteine-rich domains and transduce signals via intracellular death domains or other signaling motifs. The TNF family plays a central role in lymphoid development, T and B cell activation, macrophage function, and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of TNF signaling is linked to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases (for example rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease), as well as certain cancers and neurodegenerative conditions.

Therapeutically, TNF signaling is targeted with biologics that neutralize TNF activity or block receptor signaling. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab) and receptor fusion proteins (etanercept) are used to treat several inflammatory diseases, with consideration given to infection risk and potential adverse effects. The TNF family remains an active area of research for immunology and therapeutics.