Syntetika

Syntetika is a term used in several languages to denote synthetic substances or the process of synthesis. In everyday usage it can refer to substances that are man-made rather than naturally occurring and to the discipline and activities involved in constructing new compounds or materials by chemical or biological means. The exact meaning depends on language and context.

In chemistry, synthesis is the process of forming chemical compounds by combining simpler substances through chemical reactions. Synthetic chemistry aims to create molecules that do not occur naturally or to provide large-scale production of useful substances. In materials science and industry, synthetics include polymers, resins, fibers, and other materials produced from petrochemical feedstocks or renewable resources.

History: The modern concept of synthesis emerged in the 19th century with achievements such as Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea in 1828, which helped establish that organic compounds could be made from inorganic precursors. The development of synthetic polymers in the 20th century, such as Bakelite and nylon, led to widespread industrial use of artificial materials.

Applications: Synthetic chemistry underpins medicines, agrochemicals, dyes, solvents, plastics, electronics, and catalysts. It also intersects with synthetic biology, where biological building blocks are engineered to produce desired compounds.

Challenges and regulation: Environmental and health concerns drive efforts toward green chemistry, safer formulations, and lifecycle assessment. Regulatory frameworks such as REACH in the EU and TSCA in the US govern the production and use of synthetic chemicals and materials.

See also: synthetic biology, polymer, organic synthesis, industrial chemistry.