Symmachos

Symmachos was a prominent figure in the late Roman Empire, best known for his career as an orator and statesman. He served as Prefect of Rome in 384 CE and later held the prestigious position of consul in 391 CE. Symmachos was a staunch defender of traditional Roman paganism during a period of increasing Christian influence. His most famous act was his petition to Emperor Valentinian II in 384 CE, arguing for the restoration of the Altar of Victory to the Roman Senate House, a symbol of pagan worship. This petition was famously opposed by Saint Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, and ultimately rejected.

Symmachos's writings, particularly his letters and speeches, offer valuable insights into the social, political, and religious landscape of the late 4th century. He was a skilled rhetorician and a champion of classical Latin literature and education. Despite his pagan faith, he maintained relationships with some Christian contemporaries, reflecting the complex religious dynamics of the era. His efforts to preserve pagan traditions ultimately proved unsuccessful in the long term, as Christianity continued to gain prominence and eventually became the dominant religion of the Roman Empire. Symmachos represents a significant voice from a pivotal moment in Roman history, embodying the final struggles of an older order against emerging new forces.