Subthalamische

In German-language neuroscience, the adjective subthalamische is used to describe structures related to the subthalamus, most notably the subthalamic nucleus. The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a compact, lens-shaped structure in the diencephalon that forms a central node in the basal ganglia circuitry and plays a key role in motor regulation.

Anatomically, the STN lies ventral to the thalamus and dorsal to the substantia nigra. It receives a major excitatory input from the motor and premotor cortex via the hyperdirect pathway and also receives input from the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe). The STN provides a predominantly glutamatergic output to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), which in turn project to the thalamus and influence cortical activity.

Functionally, the STN participates in motor control, action selection, and procedural learning. It also participates in cognitive and limbic circuits through connections with prefrontal and limbic areas, contributing to aspects of decision-making and behavioral control. The nucleus acts as a modulator of thalamocortical activity and helps regulate the balance between excitation and inhibition within the basal ganglia network.

Clinical significance is highlighted by its role in movement disorders. The STN is a common target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, where stimulation can reduce motor symptoms and medication needs. Lesions or dysfunction of the STN can produce hyperkinetic or hypokinetic movement abnormalities, underscoring its importance in motor regulation.