Substernal

Substernal refers to a location in the body that is situated behind or beneath the sternum, also known as the breastbone. This anatomical region encompasses structures and spaces found within the chest cavity. The sternum is a long, flat bone located in the central part of the chest, forming the front of the rib cage.

Several important organs and tissues reside in the substernal space. The heart and the great vessels, such as the aorta and pulmonary artery, are located in this area. The lower part of the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (food pipe) also pass through the substernal region as they descend into the abdomen. Lymph nodes and portions of the thymus gland can also be found here, particularly in children.

Medical conditions can affect the substernal area. For example, substernal goiters occur when the thyroid gland, normally located in the neck, enlarges and extends downwards behind the sternum. This can sometimes cause compression of adjacent structures like the trachea or esophagus, leading to symptoms such as difficulty breathing or swallowing. Other substernal masses can also arise, originating from various tissues within the chest. Diagnosis of substernal conditions often involves imaging techniques like chest X-rays, CT scans, or MRI.